<p>The Old Citrus County Courthouse  is a historic site in Inverness, Florida located at 1 Courthouse Square. On April 17, 1992, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places. The building was designed by J. R. MacEachron and Willis R. Biggers.</p><br>
<p>The Old Courthouse Heritage Museum opened in the building in 2000, and is operated by the Citrus County Historical Society. Exhibits focus on local county history.</p><br>
<p>In 1961, scenes from the movie Follow That Dream, starring Elvis Presley, were filmed in the courtroom.</p><br>
<p>In 1970 the courthouse was replaced by the Citrus County Courthouse.</p><br>
<p>In the 1990s the courthouse was beginning to fall into disrepair and plans for its demolition were created. These were stopped by its addition to the National Register of Historic Places in 1992. After this, an 8-year restoration project began to restore the old courthouse to its former glory. The courthouses second floor was restored to its original appearance in 2000. This second-floor restoration relied on the courtroom scenes filmed there in 1961 for Follow That Dream.</p><br>
<p>The Railway Exchange Building is an 84.4 m, 21-story high-rise office building in St. Louis, Missouri. The 1914 steel-frame building is in the Chicago school architectural style, and was designed by architect Mauran, Russell & Crowell. The building was the city&#39;s tallest when it opened, and remains the second-largest building in downtown St. Louis by interior area, with almost 1,200,000 ft2 of space.</p><br>
<p>The building was long home to the flagship store of the Famous-Barr chain of department stores &mdash; and the headquarters of its parent company May Department Stores &mdash; until Macys purchased the brand; the store was rebranded as Macys in 2006. Macy&#39;s sold the building in 2008 and closed the store in 2013.</p><br>
<p>In January 2017, Hudson Holdings, a National Historic Property Developer based in Delray Beach, Florida, purchased the building for $20 million.</p><br>
<p>The city of St. Louis was granted an emergency condemnation on 4 Jan 2023, and proceeded to kick out people who appeared to be squatting and board up the building.</p><br>
<h2>Notable people</h2><br>
<p>Marie Moentmann (1900-1974), worked at information desk.</p><br>
<p>The Old Martin County Court House, built in 1937, 12 years after the erection and organization of Martin County  and to the south - Palm Beach County), is a historic Art Deco style of architecture courthouse building located at 80 Southeast Ocean Boulevard in the county seat and largest town of Stuart, Martin County, Florida.</p><br>
<p>In 1989, it was listed in A Guide to Florida&#39;s Historic Architecture, published by the University of Florida Press. On November 7, 1997, it was also added to the USA National Register of Historic Places, maintained by the National Park Service, of the United States Department of the Interior On March 15, 2007, it was added to the Martin County Historic Register by the Martin County Historic Preservation Board. It is now known as the Courthouse Cultural Center and is the headquarters of the Arts Council, Inc., the designated local arts agency for Martin County.</p><br>
<h2>Building history</h2><br>
<p>The building was designed by local noted architect L. Phillips Clarke formerly of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and later West Palm Beach by the 1920s, with a prominent active firm / partnership of Harvey and Clarke which designed the landmark structure plus numerous other buildings in the South Florida region over several decades. It was constructed by Chalker & Lund of poured concrete walls with terrazzo floors in the Art Deco style of architecture popular in that era for the Federal Government&#39;s new agency and New Deal program to combat the mass unemployment and bad economic conditions of the worldwide Great Depression of the 1930s. The construction project was funded by the Works Progress Administration (W.P.A.) during the early 32nd Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt (1882-1945, served 1933-1945). A later northern addition to the first Martin County courthouse, which had been built three decades before in 1908, and had been used as a Palm Beach County public school building and later renovated when converted to courthouse use after Martin County was created in 1925. The four words, Martin County Court House, were prominently etched into the front of the addition, where they still remain. Because of this, both the National Register and the Cultural Center have retained the two-word spelling of "Court House" even though the one-word version is the current preferred one.</p><br>
<p>Seventeen years later in 1954, the growing county bought a building to the west that had been used as an automobile sales dealership by Web Ordway Ford and later as an A & P (Great Atlantic and Pacific Tea Company) grocery food store and converted it into a needed courthouse annex. At the same time, the county extended the original 1908 courthouse and the 1937 addition west to abut the annex and joined their hallways. The county also extended the 1937 addition and the old school house on the east side. Both of these 1954 additions were bland, modernistic utilitarian structures of no particular architectural merit.</p><br>
<p>Later when the county outgrew this assemblage of buildings, it decided to build a new courthouse and constitutional officers complex to the south of the original courthouse and to tear down the original courthouse, all additions and the annex. The City of Stuart, though, with much public support, prevailed on the county commission to save the 1937 addition and to use it as a cultural center. There was some sentiment to save the original schoolhouse building, but this was determined not to be feasible.</p><br>
<h2>Resources</h2><br>
<p>Florida&#39;s Historic Courthouses by Hampton Dunn</p><br>
<p>John Work House and Mill Site is a site listed on the National Register of Historic Places in Indiana just outside Charlestown, owned by the Lincoln Heritage Council, , as part of the Tunnel Mill Scout Reservation. For a century, it was an active gristmill until technology made it obsolete, and arson destroyed much of it. Prominent features around the site are Fourteen Mile Creek and the Devil&#39;s Backbone. The land is now used by the Boy Scouts of America for camping activities such as National Youth Leadership Training and a Webelos Camp. In 2010, part of the Tunnel Mill camp was leased to a private company for the purpose of restoring the Historic John Work House for use as a living history center. In order to prevent vandalism and amateur ghost hunters from further damaging the building, security guards patrol the property each night.</p><br>
<h2>Mill days</h2><br>
<p>The house was built in 1811. John Work (b. December 9, 1760</p><br>
<p>In 1814 John Work (1760–1834) decided to build a new gristmill, to replace the one he had bought in 1804 from the brothers John and James Bates, for which he paid $10 an acre 100 acre, but needed repair. It was near the only road leading from Charlestown and New Washington to the growing Madison. Spotting where Fourteen Mile Creek made a S-curve around a limestone ridge and then dropped drastically, five miles (8 km) upcreek from the Ohio River, he decided to create a tunnel through a spur of a hill to act as a mill race, which would mean a better source of water to power his mill. The race was completed in 1816, and the mill itself in 1818. A total of 650 lb of powder made from saltpeter was used for the tunneling. The total cost was estimated at $3,300. The race was 6 ft deep and 5 ft wide; a 200 lb man reportedly rode through it on opening day. A dam was later built for better year around use. Work would be credited for building three more mills upstream.</p><br>
<p>The mill started operating in 1819. The mill was ideally situated by being a days ride from New Albany and Madison, the second and third largest cities in Indiana at the time, and for being so close to Ohio River landings. A sawmill was added to the mill, as was a saltworks, powdermill, and still. Tunnel Mill was also the first mill in the region to use a series of elevators to move corn called the Evans and Ellicotts machinery, which made milling the work of two people instead of six, a great technological advantage over those who had to carry sacks of corn all the way to the top of the mill so it could be milled step by step. The mill was able to handle 2.5 barrels of corn an hour. Soon after being built, Work&#39;s Mill was the most profitable and efficient in the area. Even after most local small mills closed due to not being able to compete with large urban mills, the Tunnel Mill still operated.</p><br>
<p>After Work&#39;s death on February 1, 1832, An addition was added to the house in the 1860s.</p><br>
<p>The mill would remain in operation in the 1920s as the sole remaining operating gristmill in Clark County, but would be sparsely used as mills in Louisville were cleaner and more efficient due to their modern technology. However, the mill was often used as a bathing house for those who liked to swim in the creek. On August 1, 1927, a fire destroyed the mill building. No one knows if it was started by a discarded cigarette, by one of the swimmers, or by the last owner, Henry Murphy, who reportedly had a history of his properties burning. Plans to rebuild the mill in 1958 and 1981 were never realized, although the 1990s did see the addition of a garage to the house.</p><br>
<p>There were plans for development to occur on the property. In 1904 three developers from Jeffersonville planned an inter-urban trolley line between Charlestown and Madison, and would have placed a fifty-foot hydroelectric dam where the mill&#39;s dam would be, which would have made a 100 acre lake, for which could be use for public recreation. Engineers at the time decided it was not feasible. The plan was brought back in 1921, but it was also a failure. 1935 would see the last attempt of such a project, but while a new dam was finished in 1936, it produced no electricity. In 1940 rural electrification finally powered the property.</p><br>
<h2>Work/Faris Cemetery</h2><br>
<p>A cemetery containing the plots of John Work, his wife Sarah Jackson, and other Clark County pioneers is located on the property. It is by the bridge across Fourteen Mile Creek near the old camp entrance. The last known burial at the cemetery was in 1869 for Rebecca Work Drummond Faris.</p><br>
<h2>Tunnel Mill Scout Reservation</h2><br>
<p>In 1927 Henry Murphy decided he wanted to sell the 142 acre of land he held around the burnt mill. The newly formed Boy Scout Council, the George Rogers Clark Council (formed by Scouts of Clark, Floyd, Harrison, Scott, and Washington counties) was seeking an area for a camp. In 1917 local Troop 3 had used the Work property as a summer camp, and used it for three straight summers. On April 2, 1928, Murphy sold the property to the Scouts. Organizations around the area pitched in to improve the property, allowing the camp to open in 1929. A series of three-sided pioneer-style cabins were built near the cemetery in 1933. In 1942 the Scoutmasters Cabin and Evergreen cabins were completed. In 1950 the McDonald Bridge was completed across Fourteen Mile Creek. The camp saw its greatest use in the 1950s and 1960s, with 564 scouts the highest attendance ever (1960). In 1969 the propertys swimming pool was built, as the creek was no longer safe for swimming. In the 1980s The Works Home was renovated by the Camp Ranger Jeff Streets, who then moved into the Works home after completion. Since 1993 the property has seen less use, as George Rogers Clark Council merged with another council, and the rough terrain protects it from development. Since the merger, the camp has been used primarily by Cub Scouts and for winter camping.</p><br>
<p>On November 6, 1996, Andy Campbell, a ranger serving as the caretaker of the property was shot to death by Roger Caldwell, "a diagnosed, paranoid schizophrenic" who trespassed onto the property while drunk. This was the first such incident in the history of Scouting. Campbell was able to drag himself 50 ft to call 911. After police arrived on the scene to get information about the drunk from Campbell, they found Caldwell wandering on Ind-62. Caldwell was sentenced to 70 years in prison, with parole possible after 31 years.</p><br>
<h2>Legends</h2><br>
<p>There are many legends surrounding the property. One involves stepping on a particular step on the McDonald Bridge at night. If stepped upon, a ghost will chase you down to kill you unless you race up the hill before it catches you. Another legend is that a cache of gold is somewhere near the old mill. The ghost of John Work reportedly haunts the remains of the mill. Sadly, these legends made the property a target for vandals and ghosthunters.</p><br>
<p>There is also reportedly a silver mine known to the Indians here. Local Indians had Work mill their corn, and paid him in silver ore. When Work asked of the source of the ore, the Indians said they had a mine, but they would never tell any white where the mine was located. If such a mine exists, it has yet to be found. Gold flakes have been found in the stream, enough to fill a vial.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>Today the property includes a cabin village, a swimming pool, and a dining hall built in 2000. The current dining hall replaced the one from the 1980s that once served as a steakhouse in Jeffersonville. Aside from Scouts, the Civil Air Patrol has used the property for training. The House and the remains of the mill became part of the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.</p><br>
<p>The restoration of the house was budgeted to cost hundreds of thousands of dollars, and was deemed too expensive for the Lincoln Heritage Council. Earlier in the year, Taylor Rose Historical Outfitters, a private company that specializes in the historical reenactment supplies, contracted with Lincoln Heritage Council to restore and preserve the John Work House, leasing the house for a $1 a year. However, the Work House was seen to have "improved prospects" and was not on the 2011 endangered list. The eventual plan is for the house to become an educational living history center as well as a workshop and storefront for the company&#39;s historically focused business operations. Future plans include classes, living history events and a research library, as well as building a mill similar to the one Work had built.</p><br>
<p>File:Tunnel Mill 2011 Chapel.JPGOld Boy Scout Chapel</p><br>
<p>File:Tunnel Mill 2011 Pioneer Cabins.JPGCabins by the cemetery</p><br>
<p>File:Tunnel Mill 2011 Tower Road.JPGRoad from bridge/cemetery to further inside camp</p><br>
<p>File:Tunnel Mill 2011 Order of the Arrow building.JPGOrder of the Arrow lodge</p><br>
<p>File:Tunnel Mill 2011 Inside John Work House.JPGInside of the John Work House near beginning of restoration</p><br>
<p>File:Tunnel Mill 2011 John Work House entry.JPGEntry to the house</p><br>
<p>File:Tunnel Mill 2011 Reenactment.JPGAmerican Civil War hypothetical battle near the house</p><br>
<h2>Bibliography</h2><br>
<h3>Footnotes</h3><br>
<p>The Clay County Historic Courthouse is a historic county courthouse in Green Cove Springs, Florida. The two-story brick building was built in 1889 and used until 1973. A historical marker commemorates its history. It is located at 915 Walnut Street as part of the countys Historic Triangle which includes the Clay County History Museum, Railroad Depot Display, Old County Jail and Archives Center. On June 20, 1975, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places. It was designed by Ellis and McClure. This historic location is home to Clay County Teen Court programs and is a venue for events such as mock trials, plays, swearing-in ceremonies, photo shoots and tours. The modern, fully operational Clay County Courthouse is a separate facility located at 825 North Orange Avenue in Green Cove Springs. Employees of the Clay County Clerks Office  oversee the operations of both locations&#39; offices.</p><br>
<p>The Osceola County Courthouse  is a historic courthouse in Kissimmee, Florida, located at 3 Courthouse Square. On August 16, 1977, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Kissimmee City has the oldest Courthouse in the State of Florida. The county Courthouse was formed in 1887; this county came up about from the parts of Orange and Brevard Counties. To determine the name of the county, the county commissioners decided to hold elections on February 6, 1887; the names they come up with for the county was Kissimmee City, Runnymeade, and Hell or Hades; Kissimmee City won with 421 votes. When the elections were done the committee was formed and they started right away to find a location to build a Courthouse and jail for the new County Seat. The D.B. Stewart family helped purchased the Historic Osceola Courthouse in 1888 for $2,205.32.</p><br>
<p>The new designs for the Courthouse and a jail were ready in August 1888 so they could start building the blue print "building plans" by F.C. Johnson. The type of design is a Typical of Romanesque revival Courthouse that was constructed throughout the United States during the late 1800s. The Osceola Courthouse building is one of four remaining in Florida. The Romanesque architectural elements for the courthouse include the tower that is above the entrance, the round arches that are on the portico—which is also above the doors, and the segmental arches above the windows. The new County held many elections to help raise bonds for the construction of the Courthouse and jail, the first election was held on March 23, 1889; this election was really close and was won by only two more points. Since the first election they held was a "free and open" election the commissioners of the county decided to hold another election on April 10, 1889. On July 1, 1889 thirty bonds were issued in units of 1,000 each with an interest of 7% to pay the Courthouse and jail construction. The final payment on the Courthouse was paid in July 1909.</p><br>
<p>The new Courthouse had many maintenance problems; for example, in 1892 there were cracks in the plastered walls. The repairs for the tower and roof were done by J.F.Willson with a charge of $21.00 for the repairs of the Courthouse. The County Jail was wired in 1901 and the county paid its first electric bill on April 2, 1901 of $1.64. The county began to rise in technology in 1902 by purchasing its first typewriter at $175.00, and in 1905 the Courthouse got a telephone. Even just renting the phone alone was $2.50 per month, which also made the electric bill rise to $2.79. In February 1907, the bill was paid to Kissimmee Electric Company $131.16 for it to wire the Courthouse which made the electric bill rise to $8.65.</p><br>
<p>All types of cases were held in the Courthouse from chicken thievery and the selling of moonshine to high-profile murder cases which all have been heard in the Historic Courthouse building. This Historic Court house has been a "home" to numerous judges, clerks of circuit court, probation and parole, county commissioners, the Sheriff and hundreds of employees throughout the years. Osceola County Courthouse made history on August 16, 1977 and was added to the Historic Register. Although Osceola County built a new and larger Courthouse building, the third floor courtroom of the Historic Courthouse building is still an active courtroom, and Osceola County continues to claim the honor of having the oldest Courthouse still being used in the State of Florida.</p><br>
<p>This information for this short history of the Osceola County Courthouse was gathered from the book 100 Years of Justice by Robert D. Dietrich.</p><br>
<p>The Sarasota County Courthouse is a historic courthouse building located in Sarasota, Florida. Designed by architect Dwight James Baum in the Mediterranean Revival style, it was built in 1926-1927 by Stevenson and Cameron, Inc. of New York.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The County Commission had plans to construct a courthouse since late 1924. Charles and Edith Ringling conveyed land to the building. In March 1925, the County Commission hired Dwight James Baum as the architect for the courthouse. In September 1925, they awarded the construction contract to Stevenson and Cameron, Inc. of New York.</p><br>
<p>On March 22, 1984, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places as part of the Sarasota Multiple Resource Area (MRA).</p><br>
<p>The Old Indian River County Courthouse is a historic courthouse in Vero Beach, Florida. Located at 2145 14th Avenue, the Old Indian River County Courthouse was constructed from April 1936 to March 1937 in the Masonry Vernacular, Art Moderne style by architect W.H. Garns. The structure was built by James T. Vocelle after he sought federal funding during 1933 and 1934 from the Public Works Administration to build the newly formed county a courthouse. The structure later became the Courthouse Executive Center after the county courthouse moved its seat to a new building at 2000 16th Avenue. On July 19, 1999, the Old Indian River County Courthouse was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The Old Manatee County Courthouse, built in 1859–1860, is an historic building located at 1404 Manatee Avenue East, in Bradenton, Florida. It was Manatee County&#39;s first courthouse and is the oldest surviving Florida county courthouse  left in the state, and is now part of the Manatee Village Historical Park. On June 29, 1976, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places. After it ceased being used as a courthouse, it became the Manatee Methodist Church and the Manatee Methodist Church Parsonage.</p><br>
<p>Historic Meridian Park is situated north of downtown Indianapolis and located within the larger Mapleton-Fall Creek neighborhood area. The small, mainly residential section was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2009.</p><br>
<p>The neighborhood began to be developed around the turn of the 20th century. It not only has a significant collection of American Craftsman or Arts & Crafts Style homes, but is also notable as one of Indianapolis&#39;s first suburbs.</p><br>
<p>The Rulo Bridge is the name for the bridge that crosses Missouri River on USA Route 159  from the village of Rulo in Richardson County, Nebraska, to Holt County, Missouri, west of Big Lake.</p><br>
<h2>1939 Bridge</h2><br>
<p>The old Rulo bridge was a truss bridge built in 1939 by the Works Progress Administration and Kansas City Bridge Company and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1993. It was featured in the movie Paper Moon. In March 2009, Nebraska Department of Roads approved a plan for a new bridge, which would be 650 ft south of the current bridge. The current Rulo Bridge would then be dismantled.</p><br>
<h2>2013 Bridge</h2><br>
<p>The new Rulo bridge opened in 2013, and the historic bridge was imploded on January 19, 2014. It was removed from the National Register the next year. The replacement bridge was indefinitely closed to all traffic in April 2019 as a result of the 2019 Midwestern USA floods. It reopened in September 2019 for access to Missouri Route 111, and the remainder of USA Route 159 was reopened in late October for access to Interstate 29.</p><br>
<p>The Brownville Bridge is a truss bridge over the Missouri River on USA Route 136  from Nemaha County, Nebraska, to Atchison County, Missouri, at Brownville, Nebraska.</p><br>
<p>It was built in 1939 by Atchison County, at a cost of $700,000 and was originally run as a toll bridge. The structure was designed by HNTB. Bethlehem Steel Co. built the superstructure, while C.F. Lytle Co. built the substructure, and C.W. Atkinson Paving Co. completed the approaches. It has since been converted from a toll bridge to become a free crossing maintained by the Missouri Department of Transportation.</p><br>
<p>The bridge is extremely narrow, with no shoulders and only one 8-foot (2.4-m) lane in each direction and a total deck width of 22.6 ft (6.9 m). A cantilevered Warren through truss, the bridge&#39;s longest span is 419.8 ft (128 m). The total length is 1,903.3 ft (580 m).</p><br>
<p>The bridge underwent extensive repairs in 2009–10. The deck was replaced, along with pier and steel structure repair.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1993. The bridge was closed to all traffic for 216 days from March 2019 to October 2019 as a result of the 2019 Midwestern USA floods&#39; damage to the approaches.</p><br>
<p>West Virginia Independence Hall is a historic government building at 1528 Market Street in downtown Wheeling, West Virginia, United States. It was built in 1860 under the supervision of architect Ammi B. Young for the federal government as a custom house, post office and courthouse. It is architecturally significant for its innovative uses of wrought iron as a framing material, and is historically significant for its role in the American Civil War. It housed the Wheeling Convention , as well as the West Virginia Constitutional Convention , which resulted in the separation of Unionist West Virginia from Confederate Virginia. This made it the only state to secede from a Confederate state during the war. The building was originally built as the custom house for the Western District of Virginia, and later became the center of government for the Restored Government of Virginia from 1861 to 1863, with Francis H. Pierpont serving as its governor. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1988. The building is now a state-run museum, housing exhibits on West Virginia history.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>West Virginia Independence Hall is located in downtown Wheeling, at the northeast corner of Market and 16th Streets, near the confluence of Wheeling Creek and the Ohio River. It is a three-story masonry structure, with an exterior of load-bearing ashlar-cut sandstone blocks. Stylistically it is an early example of Renaissance Revival architecture, with round-arch window and door openings, including an arcaded set of arches at the entrance. The ground-floor coursing has deep rusticated joints, and there are projecting beltcourses between the floors. At the roof line, there is a projecting cornice with dentil moulding and modillion blocks.</p><br>
<p>The interior of the building repeats some of the features of the exterior, notably the use of round-arch openings for doorways. The inside has a wrought iron framing system, built using rolled I-beams fabricated by the Trenton Iron Works. This usage represents one of the first uses of rolled I-beams in building construction, and the frame as a whole is one of the best-preserved early examples of wrought iron framing.</p><br>
<p>The building has gone a number of alterations since its construction, many of which have subsequently been reversed to bring the building close to the original vision of the architect, Ammi B. Young. Youngs design had a low-pitch roof that was found inadequate for proper drainage, and was steepened in the late 1860s to a design by Alfred B. Mullett. The roof was raised when a fourth floor was added in the 20th century; the fourth floor was removed during restoration, but Mulletts roofline was retained.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The building was constructed by the federal government in 1859 to serve a number of functions. Due to its location on the Ohio River, Wheeling was designated an inland port in the 1850s, and thus needed a custom house. This building was erected to house that federal government function, as well as a federal court and the post office. As a courthouse, it housed the United States District Court for the Western District of Virginia from 1860 to 1864, then the District of West Virginia from 1864 to 1901, and finally the Northern District of West Virginia from 1901 to 1907.</p><br>
<p>When the American Civil War broke out in 1861, a significant portion of northwestern Virginia opposed that state&#39;s secession from the Union. Although the state moved quickly to seize federal facilities in other parts of the state, the Wheeling custom house was not taken over, and was then used as a center of opposition. The Wheeling Convention of May 1861, held in this building, included the first calls for the separation of that portion of the state, whose economy was intertwined with that of neighboring Union states. A second, smaller convention, held here in June 1861, established the Restored Government of Virginia, which was recognized by the United States as the official government of the state during the war. That government sat here until 1863, when it moved to Alexandria. The constitutional convention which drafted the first West Virginia constitution was also held here, and it was used as a military arsenal by the West Virginia militia.</p><br>
<p>In 1907, the federal government constructed a new federal building at 12th and Chapline, and sold this building. Most of it was occupied by the Conservative Life Insurance Company, which made a three-story addition, and was responsible for adding the fourth floor. In 1963, marking the state centennial, it purchased the building, and in 1969 appropriated funds to restore the building to its Civil War appearance.</p><br>
<p>Riverside, The Farnsley–Moremen Landing is a historic 300 acre farm and house in south end Louisville, Kentucky, along the banks of the Ohio River. The house is a red brick I-house with a two-story Greek Revival.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979 as Farnsley-Moremen House.</p><br>
<p>A visitors center situated on the property houses an auditorium, museum exhibits and a store.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Farnsley died in 1849 without a will, and after a dozen years of legal wrangling over his estate by his family, the ownership of the property was purchased by the successful Moremen family of Brandenburg in 1862. Alanson and Rachel Moremen implemented a very successful farming operation that spanned decades and increased the size of the farm to 1,500 acre, making it into one of the largest working farms in Jefferson County.</p><br>
<p>From around 1862 to 1900, the property served as a river transportation hub. A riverboat landing on the property allowed people traveling by river to stop to trade goods, pick up boiler wood for fuel, or rest. The Moremen family nicknamed the landing "Soap Landing", as they sold lye soap and other household and agricultural products there. In addition, a ferry carried people and goods back and forth between the landing and Indiana. They would build a float barge and load full of agricultural products and livestock and float down the river to New Orleans. With the money earned would sow into their pants, buy horses and return home. One year Henry Clay rode the float barge stumping for President Abraham Lincoln. Long in his oration at every stop they ran into very cold conditions. The barge was frozen in place and all goods had to be unloaded and sold.</p><br>
<p>Like many other structures along the Ohio River, the house was damaged by the Ohio River flood of 1937. After the county condemned a portion of the property to build a retention wall that left the historical farm outside the wall stripped of its top soil, the future became unclear for the family.</p><br>
<p>The Moremen family managed the property until 1988, when they sold it to Jefferson County Fiscal Court for purposes of restoration, promotion and preservation of the families history. On October 10, 1993, the restored house was debuted to the public.</p><br>
<p>The Dog Team Tavern was a restaurant located on Dog Team Road, off USA Route 7, roughly 4 mi north of the town of Middlebury, Vermont in Addison County. It was located geographically in the Champlain Valley of the Green Mountains, the Vermont part of the Appalachian Mountain range. The restaurant burned down in early September 2006, destroying artifacts of the Grenfell Mission and Labrador handicrafts.</p><br>
<p>The rustic restaurant was a local landmark known for its sizable portions (most notably the prime rib) and the "relish wheel," which typically contained corn relish, apple butter, horseradish cottage cheese, beets, and sauerkraut. Also, the restaurants famous sticky buns were always served at the beginning of each meal. The restaurant was very popular among students from the nearby Middlebury College, who often flocked there with family during the colleges fall family weekends. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002, and delisted in 2016.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Dog Team Tavern was originally constructed in the 1920s by Sir Wilfred and Lady Anne Grenfell. The building was originally a mission house that was started by Grenfell and his wife in 1931. The Dog Team Tavern was opened in 1936 as a tea house and outlet for handicrafts from Newfoundland and Labrador. Earlier in 1931, Sir Wilfred and Lady Anne retired to Charlotte, Vermont, where they built Kinloch House. In 1934, the couple opened a Dog Team Tea House in Ferrisburg, Vermont, and about that time they opened houses in Oxford and Guilford, Connecticut. When Eben and Catherine Joy purchased the Dog Team Tavern from the International Grenfell Association (of New York City) in 1946 they opened it as a restaurant, adding a bar/tavern later when they were able to obtain a license in "dry" New Haven.</p><br>
<p>Eben Joy, and his second wife, Eileen, sold the Dog Team Tavern to Andrew Golbert of Burlington, Vermont (now of Essex Junction), in 1978. Andrew Golbert sold the DTT to Chris Hesslink and Robert Mahoney in 1987, with Mahoney leaving the business circa 1996/97, when Hesslink reorganized and continued the business until it burned on September 1, 2006. Hesslink&#39;s body was recovered from the fire.</p><br>
<p>The Dog Team has catered to celebrities such as Eleanor Roosevelt, Robert Frost, Charles Lawton, Neil Diamond, Michael Eisner and more. Originally, the staff lived upstairs as the restaurant was only open in the summers. Later, it was open all year. There was a small building next door which of late has been used as a gift shop; but in previous times it was known as The Dog Team Playhouse, and several shows were put on there.</p><br>
<p>The tavern was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002, and was delisted in 2016.</p><br>
<p>Among the treasures lost in the 2006 fire were a Grenfell overcoat donated by Arlene LaFave, a Grenfell snowsuit for a child, a huge collection of old political buttons, a beautiful Victorian period dollhouse, an old handpainted sign for orange soda, the hide of a wallaby and the head of a bear, two Grenfell throw pillows with the face of a husky embroidered on each one, original posters and articles detailing Sir Grenfell&#39;s work and lectures, two oil paintings by different artists of the restaurant, one painting of Sir Wilfred Grenfell, a marble statue of snow drifts with a little dogsled and dogs and at least a dozen unique Grenfell silk mats.</p><br>
<h2>Customer service</h2><br>
<p>The Dog Team had an unusual system of serving. Upon arriving at the restaurant, the menu was presented on a board just inside the entrance way. Customers gave their names and orders at that time, and went inside the building to wait. Waiting times of an hour or more were not uncommon during busy times.</p><br>
<p>Customers could wait within the front parlor, where old overstuffed couches were provided along with old copies of such magazines as Life and Saturday Review, or they could go through the serving area to the bar and wait there while enjoying horseradish cottage cheese dip with ridged potato chips. There was also an outside porch and in earlier years a gazebo and tables set up in the back by the rushing New Haven River. Benches out front read "Vermont Democrats" and "Vermont Republicans".</p><br>
<p>Much has been made about their relish wheel and sticky buns (which were strictly rationed, although often purchased to take home), but they also served little loaves of homemade bread and a fresh salad featuring a choice of three of their own dressings (including an "Alsatian" French). This did not include the appetizer (typically a glass of juice or soup du jour) which customers ordered when they came in. First-time customers were usually full before the entrees even arrived. Food was served family style, with mashed potatoes and the vegetable du jour. There was also a dessert menu.</p><br>
<p>The Womans Club of Starke is a historic womans club in Starke, Florida, located at 201 North Walnut Street. On April 18, 1997, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The original building was leased for 99 years to the Woman&#39;s Club of Starke by the "board of public instruction" in January 1921. The new and current building on the site opened on November 3, 1922, built at a cost of $10,000. Portions of the building were used by the Bradford County Library in 1936, and in 1941 the building was turned over to soldiers of Camp Blanding for their use, and was later used by the United Service Organizations and the Army YMCA.</p><br>
<p>A historical marker was placed at the site in 2009. The building remains in use by the Woman&#39;s Club of Starke, with preserving the building now being a part of their mission.</p><br>
<p>The Albert Carlton Estate  is a historic site in Wauchula, Florida, located at 302 East Bay Street. On October 3, 1991, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places. The Carlton House was built in 1885 by Albert and Martha  Carlton. It was originally located in Hardee County, the house functioned as home to the Carltons and their ten children. Their eighth child, Doyle E. Carlton, who later became Florida&#39;s 25th governor from 1929 to 1933. It was later inhabited by William Albert Carlton, a 7th generation member of the pioneering Carlton family of Florida citrus growers and ranchers, and his wife, Barbara.</p><br>
<p>The Keith Cabin is a historic house located at 1320 CR 179, northwest of Bonifay in Holmes County, Florida. It was built in 1886. It was deemed significant "as an excellent and rare example of a 19th century log cabin built with a Louisiana roof. It retains a high level of its architectural integrity, and displays excellent workmanship."</p><br>
<p>It is a one-story, one-room structure upon a split log pier foundation. It has verandas around three sides.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places on November 2, 2000.</p><br>
<p>The Thomas R. Pierce House  is a historic house in Bushnell, Florida. It is locally significant as an outstanding example of vernacular architecture, and the only historic hotel or boarding house from this period remaining in Bushnell.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The vernacular house was built around 1888 and originally functioned as the family home of Thomas R. Pierce, his wife Fannie Pierce, and their four children. It also accommodated more persons and served as a boarding house.</p><br>
<p>It is a two-story irregularly planned house resting upon stone piers. The house was restored during 1990–94. At the time of its listing it was operated as a bed and breakfast</p><br>
<p>On February 16, 1996, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The Wholesale District is one of seven designated cultural districts in Indianapolis, Indiana, United States. Located in the south-central quadrant of downtown Indianapolis&#39; Mile Square, the district contains the greatest concentration of 19th-century commercial buildings in the city, including Indianapolis Union Station and the Majestic Building. Contemporary landmarks in the district include Circle Centre Mall and the Indianapolis Artsgarden.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Prior to its designation as a cultural district, the Wholesale District was one of downtown Indianapolis&#39;s most decayed and blighted areas. Around the turn of the 20th century, Indianapolis had one of the largest networks of railroads in the United States with hundreds of passenger trains arriving at Union Station daily. The streets near the station were lined with businesses, hotels, warehouses, and retail shops. Wholesale grocers sold fresh goods daily before the advent of the modern grocery store. The district had many such grocers, and also wholesalers who sold dry and finished goods. The House of Crane, whose facade remains part of the Circle Centre Mall development, sold cigars; Hanson, VanCamp & Co. sold hardware. In addition, S. Delaware St. became known as "Commission Row", where farmers brought their produce to merchants who sold the goods for a commission fee.</p><br>
<p>The Wholesale District was of primary importance in the transformation of Indianapolis from a small town to a big city. Customers no longer had to rely on retailers who sold finished goods shipped from Louisville, Kentucky, or Cincinnati, Ohio. They could now go to a central location and purchase the same items at wholesale prices. With Union Station nearby, wholesalers could ship goods more cheaply and efficiently. The collapse of the economy during the Great Depression devastated the area, with few businesses remaining.</p><br>
<p>The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places as the Indianapolis Union Station-Wholesale District in 1982, primarily for its notability as the former center for wholesale trade.</p><br>
<p>Since 1995, more than $686 million has been invested in the area, transforming it into one of the city&#39;s largest entertainment and hospitality districts. Recent additions include more than 35 new businesses, Circle Centre, Gainbridge Fieldhouse, The Residences at CityWay, restoration of the Omni Severin Hotel, and a number of upscale restaurants. The area also includes the Hilbert Circle Theatre, home of the Indianapolis Symphony Orchestra, which underwent a $2.5 million renovation in 2003. St. Elmo Steak House has been a fixture in the district since its founding in 1902.</p><br>
<p>Indiana Avenue is a historic area in downtown and is one of seven designated cultural districts in Indianapolis, Indiana. Indiana Avenue was, during its glory days, an African American cultural center of the area. The Indiana Avenue Historic District within the area was designated a United States national historic district in 1987.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1870, 974 African Americans (one third of the city&#39;s African American population) called Indiana Avenue home. This represented a shift in racial demographics away from the mostly working class poor population of Irish and German immigrants that lived around Indiana Avenue during the early years of Indianapolis. As the African American population increased, black entrepreneurs opened businesses on practically every corner. Bethel A.M.E. Church, the oldest African American congregation in Indianapolis, was organized in 1836. African American owned businesses opened on the Avenue by at least by 1865, including a grocery store owned by Samuel G. Smothers and a "peddler shop" owned by William Franklin. The Indianapolis Leader, the first black owned newspaper in Indianapolis, catered to the interests of the growing African American population and featured advertisements for Indiana Avenue businesses. The Leader began publishing in the 1870s.</p><br>
<p>The avenue continued to culturally develop, in much the same way as the Harlem Renaissance. Due to the nature of segregation and Jim Crow laws, several streets developed similarly in other cities, including Beale Street in Memphis and 12th and Vine in Kansas City according to the book, Indiana Avenue: Black Entertainment Boulevard by C. Nickerson Bolden. Like Indiana Avenue, these streets were called Black Entertainment Boulevards, or stops along the Chitlin&#39; Circuit because of the large concentration of black-oriented clubs, businesses and entertainment venues.</p><br>
<p>Many prominent historical figures have their roots on Indiana Avenue: Madam C.J. Walker, jazz greats including Freddie Hubbard, Jimmy Coe, Noble Sissle, Erroll "Groundhog" Grandy and Wes Montgomery. Mary Ellen Cable was one of the most important African American educators in Indianapolis. Coupled with her work as an educator, she organized and served as the first president of Indiana&#39;s NAACP chapter.</p><br>
<h2>Madam Walker Theatre</h2><br>
<p>Madam Walker&#39;s daughter helped build the Madam Walker Theatre, which opened on the Avenue in 1927 and quickly became known as the "Crown Jewel of the Avenue".</p><br>
<h2>Decline</h2><br>
<p>As segregation laws began to change in the late 1950s, the African American middle class began leaving the once-bustling Indiana Avenue corridor for greater opportunities in northwestern Marion County, settling in Pike and Washington Townships. By 1965, the plight of the community left the Madam Walker Building closed to abandonment, removing a vital economic anchor for the area. The Madam C. J. Walker Manufacturing Company remained in the ailing building. By the early 1970s, Indiana Avenue was suffering from severe urban blight.</p><br>
<h2>Historic district and revival</h2><br>
<p>By the 1980s, instead of the city attempting renewal or regeneration, much of the area was demolished and replaced by office buildings or townhouses. In 1987, the area, containing eleven historic buildings, was declared a United States national historic district. The district was developed between about 1869 and 1935, and includes representative examples of Italianate style architecture. The Madam Walker Building, one of the historic buildings, was restored and reopened to the public in 1988 with a focus on the performing arts.</p><br>
<p>Through the financial support of the Indianapolis Cultural Development Commission, formed by Mayor Bart Peterson in 2002, community stakeholders are planning the regeneration of the area. On March 28, 2007, the name of Indiana Avenue north of 10th Street and south of 16th Street was restored, after having been called Stadium Drive since 1932.</p><br>
<p>The S.S.S.  Lotus is a historic gaff rigged schooner. Her home port is Sodus Bay in Wayne County, New York, United States. She is owned and operated by the "Friends of the Schooner Lotus."</p><br>
<h2>History of Lotus</h2><br>
<p>The keel on Lotus was laid down in 1917 and the boat was completed in 1918, in Rocky River, Ohio. Designed by the naval architect William Hand Jr. in 1916, and christened with the name of Miss Gloucester, she was designed as a pleasure yacht for sailing on the Great Lakes.</p><br>
<p>As Miss Gloucester, she was commissioned by Thomas B. Van Dorn, to be the Van Dorn family yacht. The Van Dorn family sailed her on Lake Erie and perhaps Lake Huron.</p><br>
<p>In 1922, the ship was sold to Stephen Estes Comstock of Newark, New York. He moved the ship to Sodus Bay, on Lake Ontario, and renamed her Lotus, after the wild water lilies that grew in the bay.</p><br>
<p>Lotus was sold again in 1938, to Dick Todd and Ken Cooley. They renamed her again, this time to Dickens, a combination of their first names.</p><br>
<p>In 1943, Ezra Hale and his partners bought the ship and changed her name back to Lotus. Ezra Hale and John Trahey donated Lotus to the Otetiana Council of the Boy Scouts of America in 1971, specifying that Sea Explorer Ship (now Sea Scout Ship) 303, chartered by the Kiwanis Club of Webster, New York, be the ones to use it. The Sea Explorer Ship 303 had begun in 1965, and used a variety of power cruisers before the Lotus was donated.</p><br>
<p>Unfortunately, it was difficult to keep up with the required maintenance and by 1991 Lotus needed serious restoration. With the support of the Kiwanis Club, the money was raised for a restoration, soliciting donations from individuals and corporations. A matching funds grant was also received from New York State, which brought the total amount of money raised to $150,000.</p><br>
<p>Lotus was trucked to Rivendell Marine, in Rhode Island, in 1991. The refit was completed in 1993. For the following 14 years, Lotus was sailed by members of Sea Scout Ship 303 around all of Lake Ontario. Lotus visited many harbor festivals and reenactments each year including Alexandria Bay Pirate Week, Oswego Harborfest, and reenactments in Sackets Harbor. Lotus has also participated several times in Operation Sail. In 2009 Otetiana Council, BSA and Finger Lakes Council, BSA merged to form Seneca Waterways Council, BSA with operations centered in Rochester, New York.</p><br>
<h2>Present</h2><br>
<p>By the end of the 2017 season, Lotus was in serious need of repair. Declining membership in Sea Scout Ship 303 resulted in the unit becoming dormant and the end of its 50-year charter relationship with the Kiwanis Club of Webster. Later that year, the unit was re-invigorated by a group of sailors and re-chartered under the Newport Yacht Club in Irondequoit, New York, with the understanding that the Seneca Waterways Council would make arrangements for the care of Lotus. Sea Scout Ship 303 and several caring volunteers made attempts to protect her from the elements over the next few years, but with little success. She was in a state of abandonment and deteriorated rapidly.</p><br>
<p>In 2019 the Seneca Waterways Council Scouting Historical Society began assembling a Lotus and Sea Scout Ship 303 archive. The efforts culminated in a large exhibit at the council office that opened in February 2020. By that time "The Friends of the Schooner Lotus," organized in Sodus Point, New York at the end of 2019, had begun meeting monthly. A Facebook group was created and efforts were begun to obtain ownership of Lotus. A marine survey determined that the value of the schooner was far less than the financial obligation required to store her. By that summer, several setbacks brought on by the COVID-19 pandemic, legal and financial concerns, differences of opinions on restoration methods and other issues involving the owners made it seem like there was no hope of saving Lotus and that she would likely be scrapped by the end of the year.</p><br>
<p>On December 14, 2020, an agreement was reached and ownership was transferred to "The Friends of the Schooner Lotus". With determined efforts of the new owners over the following several days including help from Katlynn Marine, Lotus was prepared for transport. On December 21, 2020, she was trucked to Beacon Bay Marina and Cayuga Wooden Boat Works. Efforts are now underway to raise the funds necessary to begin the lengthy restoration of Lotus.</p><br>
<h2>Specifications</h2><br>
<h3>Dimensions</h3><br>
<p>Length: 48 ft on deck, 60 ft from the tip of the bowsprit to the end of the main boom</p><br>
<p>Beam: 12 ft, 3 inches</p><br>
<p>Draft: 4 ft, 9 inches</p><br>
<p>Weight: 16 tons (approximate)</p><br>
<p>Total Sail Area: 950 ft&sup2</p><br>
<h3>Engine</h3><br>
<p>Yanmar 88 hp four cylinder, turbo-charged diesel with sealed heat exchange</p><br>
<h3>Materials</h3><br>
<p>Masts: Sitka Spruce</p><br>
<p>Frames: Oak</p><br>
<p>Original Hull Planking: Long-leaf Yellow Pine</p><br>
<p>Replacement Hull Planking: Mahogany</p><br>
<p>Main Deck: Vertical-grain Douglas Fir</p><br>
<p>Cockpit Deck: Long-leaf Yellow Pine</p><br>
<p>Original Cabin Tops: Canvas</p><br>
<p>The Glen Saint Mary Nurseries Company is a historic site in Glen St. Mary, Florida, located at 7703 Glen Nursery Road. On November 7, 2003, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places. Glen Saint Mary Nurseries was founded by George Taber Sr. in 1882. The business began as a cattle and potato farm, but soon its focus shifted to peaches and other fruits and plants. After the devastating freezes of 1894–95, Mr. Taber began experimenting with freeze-resistant citruses such as kumquats, satsumas, and other hardy orange varieties. Within two decades, the nursery had become one of the leading citrus producers in the country. The nursery incorporated in 1907 as the Glen Saint Mary Nurseries Company and continued to expand, eventually covering over a thousand acres between its several Florida locations. It has since become a wholesale nursery, with products including hollies, azaleas, roses, and cephalotaxus. The nursery is most renowned for the George Taber Azalea, a pink and white flowering bush which was introduced in 1929. Taber azaleas can be found in nurseries and gardens across the country, as well as the in National Arboretum&#39;s azalea garden and on the grounds of the USA Capitol.</p><br>
<p>The Burnsed Blockhouse  is a historic site originally located north of Sanderson, Florida, United States, off Jacksonville Road. On May 7, 1973, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places. The blockhouse, probably the oldest structure in Baker County, was later moved from Sanderson to Heritage Park in Macclenny.</p><br>
<p>The only example of its distinctive design in Florida, the structure was built by settler James Burnsed (1817–1885) in 1837 by order of President Andrew Jackson, probably as a non-military defense to protect settlers from Seminole raiding parties, whose movements along the St. Marys River could be observed from the site. Burnsed used it as a residence for his family as well.</p><br>
<p>The blockhouse was constructed with fine craftsmanship, as indicated by the precision fit of the squared hewn logs and their full-dovetail joinery. Burnsed supposedly stood on his head at the roof ridge of the building after its completion. The structure was built entirely of local yellow pine, and had openings from which to fire rifles. Some of the logs were partly cut through to create knock-out sections to serve as gun ports, but they were never knocked out for use. Holes were also drilled into them to accommodate dowels for weaving the warp of hand-woven cloth.</p><br>
<p>The structure was supported by trapezoidal wooden piers resting on sleepers. All boards were laid flush horizontally, and the corner joints are full dovetail. The doors are batten style, with two on the front of the house leading onto a porch, which has a pent roof. The windows were placed high in the walls of the original portion of the building and consist of square or long rectangular openings with hinged board single shutters. The house is two stories high; only the lower storey was lived in. The back porch connects the dining area with the kitchen in an outbuilding in the rear. There was log smoke house located across the yard from the kitchen and a log corn crib across the lane in front of the house, the house also had a split rail fence in front.</p><br>
<p>Legal records on file in Baker County indicate that the property passed through the ownership of five families successively after it was deeded by the State of Florida in 1863. Legal documentation prior to this date is unavailable. The house is also known as the Carl Brown House because it was occupied by the Hugh and G. Carl Brown families from c. 1881 to 1950; Carl Brown&#39;s family were thought to be its last occupants, but in fact the family of Lemmie and Lottie Bennett were the last occupants according to his daughter Dorothy "Debbie" Bennett Finley, ( the oldest of eleven children) who lived there until she married in 1966 and his granddaughter, Deborah Finley Johnson who spent many weekends visiting her grandparents in the house, the upper storey of the house actually served as bedroom for a guest or one of the eleven Bennett children. Restoration was begun by the Durable Restoration Company of Columbus, Ohio in January 2007.</p><br>
<p>The Island Hotel  is a historic building in Cedar Key, Florida, located at 224 2nd Street. On November 23, 1984, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The building was erected between 1859 and 1861 by Major John Parsons and Francis E. Hale for use as a general store. It has tabby walls that are 10 in thick and oak beams that are 12 in wide. The Cedar Key Post Office and customs house were also located in the building in the 1860s. The building may have housed both Union and Confederate troops at various times during the Civil War, as the town changed hands more than once. Part of the building was used as a boarding house by the end of the 1880s. The store closed in 1910. The building became a hotel in 1946.</p><br>
<p>The Old Perry Post Office is a historic site in Perry, Florida, located at 201 East Green Street. On May 11, 1989, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The post office was built in 1935. It is a one-story-with-mezzanine structure which is vernacular in style but with modest elements of Mediterranean Revival.</p><br>
<p>The building included a publicly funded mural installed in 1938. The mural is a panel painted by George Snow Hill (1898–1969) which is titled "Cypress Logging", depicting the lumber industry of the area. (See #14 in accompanying photos.) The panel was moved to a new site, the new Perry Post Office, in 1987. A photographic reproduction of the mural was to be posted in the Old Perry Post Office, as of the NRHP listing.</p><br>
<p>The Old Taylor County Jail is a historic jail in Perry, Florida, located on the 400 block of North Washington Street. It was built in 1912 and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.</p><br>
<p>It was deemed significant as the oldest surviving building in Taylor County, Florida and for its close association with John Henry Parker, the longest serving sheriff of the county.</p><br>
<p>"It was also deemed significant "as one of the few remaining jail-sheriff&#39;s residences remaining in Florida" and as an example of the work of Benjamin Bosworth Smith, a prominent architect in the Southeast in the early twentieth century, and as an example of the early twentieth century use of reinforced concrete."</p><br>
<p>Benjamin Bosworth Smith had designed the Taylor County Courthouse a few years earlier.</p><br>
<p>The Sopchoppy School  is a historic site in Sopchoppy, Florida, located at 164 Yellow Jacket Avenue. On October 12, 2001, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h3>Old Sopchoppy High School Marker, Sopchoppy, Fl.</h3><br>
<p>The text on the marker reads as:</p><br>
<p>" Constructed in 1924 and accredited in 1928, this was the first high school built in Wakulla County. The original stucco section, an "H"shaped design with one central area and three classrooms on each side, was made possible when Sopchoppy citizens voted in 1921 for a bond issue to cover construction costs. In the 1930s, the New Deal&#39;s Works Progress Administration (WPA) used local labor to construct the first limestone addition, containing two wings of seven classrooms and the present auditorium. The limestone portions are characteristic of Spanish mission construction and exemplify1930s master craftsmanship. In 1938-39, the second limestone addition was built, running in a north-south direction and featuring three classrooms with an adjoining hallway. Across the street, the "Spanish mission"-style gymnasium, also built during this time, has been restored for use during private, cultural and civic events. The school was integrated in 1966-67 and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The building is architecturally significant due to its style and the master craftsmanship used in cutting its 18- to 20-inch thick walls of native limestone, which was mined approximately 12 miles north of Sopchoppy." National Register of Historic Places NRIS #01001088</p><br>
<p>Sponsors: WAKULLA COUNTY SCHOOL BOARD AND THE FLORIDA DEPARTMENT OF STATE</p><br>
<p>Latitude, Longitude</p><br>
<p>30.05835278, -84.49332500</p><br>
<p>Source:Old Sopchoppy High School Marker, Sopchoppy, FL</p><br>
<p>George Lansing Taylor Jr., University of North Florida</p><br>
<p>Creation Date 11-27-2009</p><br>
<p>The Washington County Chamber of Commerce is located in the former Chipley City Hall building, which has also been used as Washington County Public Library. It is a historic site in Chipley, Florida at 672 Fifth Street. It is on the same block as the historic Woman&#39;s Club of Chipley. On March 30, 2005, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>According to City Council member Cheryl Gainer McCall, the City Council approved building a City Hall in 1928 for $8,000. J.R. and Lee H. Buchanan were contracted to build it with local brick from Hall&#39;s Brickyard and a red brick facade from Interlocking Tiling Company in Jacksonville, Florida. It was designed by Alvin R. Moore of Tallahassee and completed in 1929. Renovations were carried out in 2004. In 2007, the interior was renovated and modernised for the building to be used as the Washington County Chamber of Commerce.</p><br>
<p>Architect Moore also designed the 1929 Chaires School, in Leon County.</p><br>
<p>The Centennial Building  is a historic site in Port St. Joe, Florida. It is located at 300 Allen Memorial Way, across from the Constitution Convention Museum State Park. On March 12, 1996, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>In 2024, the Centennial Building was remodeled to include roof repair, joist repair and flooring repair due to termites and water damage over the years. It typically hosts events like prom, First Baptist Church&#39;s Fifth Sunday, and Port Saint Joe Junior Service League events among others.</p><br>
<p>The Lake Butler Womans Club, also known as the Old Union County Courthouse, is an historic building now located at 285 NE First Avenue in Lake Butler, Union County, Florida. It was built in 1923 on the site of the present Union County Courthouse. This replaced two previous courthouses which had served Bradford County, from which Union County had been separated in 1921. When the new courthouse was built in 1936, this building was moved to its present site and given to the Womans Club.</p><br>
<p>In 1989, the Lake Butler Womans Club was listed in A Guide to Floridas Historic Architecture, published by the University of Florida Press.</p><br>
<p>On December 23, 2003, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The Townsend Building  is a historic building located at 410 West Main Street in Lake Butler, Florida. Although damaged by fire, it retains significant architectural features which reflect the two-part block commercial design which was popular at the time, and Italian Renaissance Style.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on October 8, 1992.</p><br>
<p>The Old Bunnell State Bank Building  is a historic site in Bunnell, Florida, located between 101 through 107 North Bay Street. On June 25, 1992, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The Bunnell State Bank was incorporated in 1910 and moved into this building in 1917. The two-story structure is built in the Masonry Vernacular style, with decorative brickwork on the north side. The interior is paneled with wood. This was the only bank in Flagler County from 1917 until 1932, and again from 1938 to 1942.</p><br>
<p>The McKinley Climatic Laboratory is both an active laboratory and a historic site located in Building 440 on Eglin Air Force Base, Florida. The laboratory is part of the 96th Test Wing. In addition to Air Force testing, it can be used by other US government agencies and private industry.</p><br>
<p>On October 6, 1997, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1940, the US Army Air Force designated Ladd Field in Fairbanks, Alaska as a cold-weather testing facility. Because sufficiently cold weather was not predictable and often of short duration, Ashley McKinley suggested a refrigerated airplane hangar be built. The facilities were constructed at Eglin Field.</p><br>
<p>The first tests started in May 1947. Airplanes that were tested included the B-29 Superfortress, C-82 Packet, P-47 Thunderbolt, P-51 Mustang, P-80 Shooting Star, and the Sikorsky H-5D helicopter. the F-22, the Boeing 787, and the Airbus A350 XWB.</p><br>
<p>On 12 June 1971, the hangar was dedicated as the McKinley Climatic Hangar in honor of Col. Ashley McKinley, who suggested the facility and served at Eglin during its construction.</p><br>
<h2>Buildings</h2><br>
<p>The Building 440 is an insulated, refrigerated hangar. There is an office and instrumentation building, a cold-weather engine test cell, the refrigeration system, mechanical-draft cooling towers, and a steam-heating plant.</p><br>
<p>The main chamber is 252 ft wide, 201 ft deep, and 70 ft tall at the center of the hangar. It was constructed to hold aircraft as large as a B-29, its size also fitting the larger Convair B-36 Peacemaker. In 1968, a 60 ft by 85 ft extension was added. It now has 55,000 ft2 working area. This allows it to test aircraft as large as a C-5A. Under hot conditions, it can achieve 165 &deg;F.</p><br>
<p>The All-Weather Room is 42 ft by 22 ft. It has a temperature range from -80 &deg;F to 170 &deg;F. Rainfall can be as high as 15 in per hour and the wind can be as high as 60 kn. Snow can be made in the chamber.</p><br>
<p>The Temperature-Altitude Chamber is 13.5 ft by 9.5 ft with a height of 6.9 ft. Altitudes up to 80,000 ft can be simulated. The temperature range is -80 &deg;F to 140 &deg;F.</p><br>
<p>The engine test cell was originally used for aircraft engines. It was about 130 ft by 30 ft with a height of 25 ft. It is now called the Equipment Test Chamber and is used mainly for tanks, trucks, and other equipment. The original building had small tests rooms for desert, hot, marine, and jungle conditions. These have been eliminated.</p><br>
<p>The original floor of the building was constructed of reinforced-concrete slabs that were 12 in thick and 12.5 ft square. The slabs rested on 13 in of cellular glass blocks over reinforced concrete. In 1990, much of this floor was replaced with 25 ft square slabs. The walls and door are insulated with 13 in of glass-wool board sheathed in galvanized steel. To seal the doors, they are pulled against foam rubber seals. The ceiling insulation is on a corrugated steel deck, which is suspended from the roof trusses by chains.</p><br>
<h2>Refrigeration system</h2><br>
<p>The original coolant was R-12 refrigerant. Liquid refrigerant is held in a low-pressure surge tank. The pressure in this tank is maintained at the saturation pressure for the desired temperature for the cooling coils. Vapor from this tank is compressed to a gage pressure of 20 psi by the first-stage compressor. The compressed vapor is expanded into an intermediate, desuperheater tank. Liquid condensed in this expansion is drained back to the surge tank. The remaining vapor is compressed in a high-stage compressor to a gage pressure of about 150 psi. Heat is transferred from the hot vapor to cooling water. Any condensed liquid is returned to the intermediate tank, the surge tank, or the supply tank. Liquid refrigerant from the surge tank is pumped through the cooling coils at sufficient pressure to avoid vaporization. Warmed liquid is returned to the surge tank. As its pressure is reduced, a portion of this liquid will flash into vapor.</p><br>
<p>There are three such refrigeration systems. Each low-stage compressor is powered by a 1,000 hp motor and each high-stage compressor is powered by a 1,250 hp motor. The system was built by York Corporation. The original motors were Allis-Chalmers induction motors. They have been replaced by variable frequency, synchronous motors manufactured by EMICC that operate between 350 and 1800 rpm. Recent efforts have been made to change from ozone-depleting refrigerants.</p><br>
<p>For engine tests, there is need for makeup air. The system originally could cool 200 lb per second of humid air. In 1966, this was increased to 450 lb per second. Air is also cooled by a two-stage heat exchanger. The first stage uses 110,000 USgal of 20% calcium chloride brine pre-cooled to 24 &deg;F. The second stage uses 137,500 USgal of methylene chloride pre-cooled to -97 &deg;F. This can cool 450 lb per second of humid air from 80 &deg;F to -65 &deg;F for 40 minutes.</p><br>
<p>The David G. Raney House is a historic site in Apalachicola, Florida, United States, located at the southwest corner of Market Street and Avenue F. On September 22, 1972, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The Apalachicola Area Historical Society operates the house as the Raney House Museum, featuring 19th century furnishings, decorations, artifacts and documents. Admission is free.</p><br>
<p>Trinity Episcopal Church, originally known as Christ Church, is a historic house of worship in Apalachicola, Florida, United States, located at the corner of Avenue D and 6th Street . On June 30, 1972, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Begun in 1837 and completed in 1838, the present church was built as a cut to order building in White Plains, New York. It was brought down and around the tip of Florida and assembled like a puzzle on its present site. Trinity was organized in 1836 in the then-territory of Florida, an inhospitable wilderness of swamps and forests where indigenous and enslaved people found haven, and outlaws roamed. It rose from that rough beginning to its status on the National Register of Historic Places and holds the distinction of being the sixth oldest church in Florida and the second oldest continuously serving church. Trinity is proud to be Apalachicola’s “Historic First Church”.</p><br>
<h2>National register listing</h2><br>
<p>Trinity Episcopal Church</p><br>
<p>(added 1972 - Building - #72000317)</p><br>
<p>Ave. D and 6th St. (Gorrie Sq.), Apalachicola</p><br>
<p>Historic Significance: Event, Architecture/Engineering</p><br>
<p>Architect, builder, or engineer: Unknown</p><br>
<p>Architectural Style: Greek Revival</p><br>
<p>Area of Significance: Religion, Architecture</p><br>
<p>Period of Significance: 1825-1849</p><br>
<p>Owner: Private</p><br>
<p>Historic Function: Religion</p><br>
<p>Historic Sub-function: Religious Structure</p><br>
<p>Current Function: Religion</p><br>
<p>Current Sub-function: Religious Structure</p><br>
<p>The Pierce Site  is a Pre-Columbian archaeological site in Apalachicola, Florida. It is located approximately 1 mile northwest of Apalachicola on 12th Street. On January 11, 1974, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places. It was occupied during the Middle Woodland Period, which includes ceramics of early Weeden Island and Swift Creek types. It also was occupied during the late prehistoric Fort Walton Period.</p><br>
<p>The Senator Theatre is a historic Art Deco movie theater on York Road in the Govans section of Baltimore, Maryland. It is the oldest operating movie theater in central Maryland and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and is a designated Baltimore City Landmark.</p><br>
<p>Managers Buzz and Kathleen Cusack renovated the theater and reopened it on October 15, 2010. The theater closed again for more renovations on April 26, 2012. It has since reopened, with three smaller theaters adjacent to the main one. It shows first run movies as well as classics.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Senator Theatre is an Art Deco landmark built by E. Eyring for Durkee Enterprises at an original cost of $250,000. It opened to the public October 5, 1939. The first movie it featured was Stanley and Livingstone, starring Spencer Tracy and Nancy Kelly. The architect, John Jacob Zink, designed the Senator with a circular upper structure of glass blocks and limestone. Multicolored backlighting of the glass block was added to produce a dramatic effect at night.</p><br>
<p>The lobby still features the original terrazzo floors, and art deco murals about the history of performing arts. A massive gold curtain still opens to dramatically reveal the screen before each performance. The theatre&#39;s interior is accented by a back lit sun-burst at the apex of the screen, and rainbow prisms in the recessed ceiling. "Originally, it had 1150 seats but that has gone down to 900."</p><br>
<p>The Senator Theatre also has two skyboxes for private parties. They are connected by a mezzanine overlooking the outer lobby and can host up to 40 people.</p><br>
<p>The sidewalk in front of the theatre features a ‘walk of fame’ which highlights local cinematic accomplishments.</p><br>
<p>The Senator Theater was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.</p><br>
<p>The Baltimore City Commission for Historical and Architectural Preservation (CHAP) designated the Senator Theatre as an "exterior" Baltimore City Landmark in 2007. It further designated the interior of the Senator Theatre as another Baltimore City Landmark on June 24, 2011.</p><br>
<h2>Technical specifications</h2><br>
<p>The Senator Theatre boasts a massive, modern 40 ft curved screen, state of the art projection systems, and Dolby Digital sound with surround EX. Today, the Senator Theatre mainly showcases first run movies. It is able to screen films in 35mm or 70mm. Equipment includes a Bauer U2 projector with top-of-the-line German lenses.</p><br>
<p>In 2003, the Senator was selected to become the first venue to complete the Historic Cinema Certification Program offered by THX Ltd., the San-Rafael, California based company founded by George Lucas. The special skyboxes are also equipped with user-controlled digital sound.</p><br>
<p>The snack bar offers traditional movie house snacks, and freshly popped, hot popcorn, with real butter upon request. Tickets are now $9 each.</p><br>
<h2>Reputation</h2><br>
<p>Many celebrities have attended movie premieres, fundraisers, and screenings at the Senator. They include: Matt Damon, Matthew McConaughey, John Travolta, Joaquin Phoenix, Salma Hayek, and Edward Norton.</p><br>
<p>The Senator Theatres facade has been featured in many movies and commercials. It was featured prominently in the cult film Cecil B. Demented, which showcased historic theatres around Baltimore. The theatre can also be seen in the movies Twelve Monkeys, Diner, and Avalon. The Senator was also featured prominently in Marios 2002 music video "Just a Friend."</p><br>
<p>Directors John Waters and Barry Levinson premiere most of their films at the Senator. It often hosts East Coast premieres of films shot in and around Baltimore, including Ladder 49, Runaway Bride and The Accidental Tourist. The theatre also showcases films starring Baltimore area natives like Edward Norton and Jada Pinkett Smith.</p><br>
<p>Several books feature the Senator Theatre, including Cinema Treasures, Popcorn Palaces, Exit: A History of Movies in Baltimore and Motion Picture Exhibition in Baltimore: An Illustrated History and Directory of Theatres.</p><br>
<p>The August 5, 2005, issue of Entertainment Weekly Magazine ranked the Senator Theater fourth on the list of “10 Theaters doing it right... movie houses that make watching films a dream”.</p><br>
<p>In its September 29, 2003, edition, USA Today declared the Senator Theatre to be one of America&#39;s best “Places to see a classic cinema”.</p><br>
<p>In 2001, the National Trust for Historical Preservation designated the Senator as America&#39;s quintessential independent historic movie house.</p><br>
<p>On May 19, 2003, the National Main Street Center of the National Trust for Historic Preservation honored owner Tom Kiefaber with the “2003 Business Leadership Award”. The award was “in recognition of his tireless advocacy for historic, independent movie theaters".</p><br>
<h2>Fundraisers</h2><br>
<p>The Senator Theatre routinely hosts special events that have raised millions of dollars for local charities.</p><br>
<p>Each December, the Senator holds an annual Holiday Classics Series on the large screen as a means of raising donations of food and cash to the Maryland Food Bank. "It&#39;s a Wonderful Life" and "A Christmas Carol" are usually shown.</p><br>
<p>On February 22, 2007, the Senator Theatre hosted an American Heart Association Go Red for Women campaign fundraiser starring Gretchen Wilson.</p><br>
<h2>Special screenings</h2><br>
<p>The Senator Theatre has been the site of extended camp-outs where diehard fans await tickets for premieres of epic movie offerings, including series like Star Wars, Lord of the Rings, and Harry Potter. It is also the place where Maryland&#39;s big media franchises typically go to cover movie openings, and interview hardcore fans. The theatre has also hosted midnight shows of fan favorites such as the Star Wars movies.</p><br>
<p>The Senator Theatre has been used as a venue within Maryland Film Festival.</p><br>
<p>The Senator also hosts free screenings classic films in cooperation with community enrichment initiatives.</p><br>
<p>The 1928 silent comedy classic "Speedy" starring Harold Lloyd was screened on February 19, 2007. It was accompanied by live music from Alloy Orchestra as part of Loyola College&#39;s 2007 Humanities Symposium.</p><br>
<p>A free screening of "To Kill a Mockingbird" (1962) starring Gregory Peck was held on Saturday, March 24, 2007.</p><br>
<h2>Recent struggles</h2><br>
<p>The Senator theatre was scheduled to be auctioned on February 21, 2007. The auction was avoided due to $109,000 (USD) in donations through a grassroots campaign.</p><br>
<p>The Senators struggles have been attributed to a practice known as “clearance“. Movie "clearing" or blocking occurs when rival theatres, usually multiplexes, invoke agreements with distribution houses to exclude a nearby theatre from ever concurrently running the same films that are running on any of their screens. The Senators former owner, Tom Kiefaber explained: "We eventually overcame the (rival multiplexes&#39;) clearance, but without equal access to the first-run lifeblood of the film exhibition industry during that difficult period, we were forced to accumulate debt that is a continuing detriment to the economic viability of The Senator Theatre.“ The good news is that "if we are able to avert the auction sale...our district will soon become a ’free zone’ and the primary impediment to our profitability, a restrictive film clearance...by an independent Baltimore multiplex... will soon come to a blessed end.“</p><br>
<p>"(O)ur well-established, activist, anti-film clearance position (has been) outlined... in the national, media coverage we have received over the years on the subject... in The New York Times, USA News & World Report, Forbes Small Business Magazine, USA Today, CBS Sunday Morning, and ABC News among others."</p><br>
<p>The Senator Theatre ceased showing first run movies on March 15, 2009. According to their website, "Senator Theatre management has announced that the screening of Watchmen on Sunday evening, March 15th, was the final first-run film to be shown at the renowned theatre in its 70 year history." It was revealed the theatre was again facing possible foreclosure.</p><br>
<p>On March 16, 2009, a town hall meeting was held by the local neighborhoods to rally support to save the Senator Theatre from the pending foreclosure and make it into a cultural center. No general agreement could be made to determine an effort in moving forward in the community&#39;s efforts to save the theatre. Attendees were told to wait a few more days as the neighborhood trust releases more details.</p><br>
<p>The Baltimore Sun noted the following on March 17, 2009: "The Senator Theatre stopped selling tickets Sunday night, as owner Tom Kiefaber unexpectedly closed the financially troubled movie house."</p><br>
<p>The City of Baltimore bought the mortgage to the Theatre in May 2009, and purchased the property (essentially from itself) at auction on July 23, 2009.</p><br>
<p>New owners have renovated the theater and plan additional renovations following its scheduled October 15, 2010, reopening. These include an additional screen, a small-plate restaurant, and a bar inside the lobby. They have uncovered original wooden paneling in the lobby&#39;s rotunda.</p><br>
<p>The Senator closed in September 2012, and reopened on October 10, 2013, with a screening of Baltimore local John Waters&#39; classic movie Hairspray.</p><br>
<p>The Federal School is a historic one-room schoolhouse located on Darby Road in Haverford, Pennsylvania near the Allgates Estate. It was established in 1797, and was called the Federal School because of the community&#39;s pride of being part of the Federal United States, but not much else is known about it until 1849, when the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania purchased the building and officially renamed it the Haverford Seminary Number 1. It served as a public school from then until Horatio Gates Lloyd bought it in 1940. After his family moved out it served as a storage building. The Historical Society of Haverford Township restored it in 1991. The Federal School now has 1849 school re-enactments for 4th Graders in the School District of Haverford Township.</p><br>
<p>The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1971.</p><br>
<p>The Bailey House is a historic site in Fernandina Beach, Florida. It was built about 1895 and is located at 28 South 7th Street. On June 4, 1973, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The house was built by or for Mr. E.W. Bailey. It was designed by the firm of architect George Franklin Barber and is Late Victorian in style.</p><br>
<p>The house is built of yellow heart pine and rests on brick piers. It has three-story turreted bays at the two corners of its front facade. It has wide-eaved porches on its south and east sides. It It has fish-scale shingles covering its gables, its front dormer, and part of the larger turret.</p><br>
<p>The Tabby House is a historic site in Fernandina Beach, Florida. It is located at 27 South 7th Street. On June 4, 1973, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places. R. S. Schuyler, credited as the architect, is also listed as the architect of the nearby Fairbanks House, also built in 1885.</p><br>
<p>Built in 1885 according to the Florida Department of State&#39;s Division of Historical Resources, the house is "...2 and a half stories, 2-story veranda with carved posts and brackets..." and is built from bricks made of concrete and local shells. Although lovingly referred to as "The Tabby House" by its owners and local residents, the building materials are not, strictly speaking, tabby, which is a mixture of lime, sand, water, and crushed oyster shells. This house is listed on the US National Historic Register and is a beautiful example of Victorian architecture.</p><br>
<p>The Original Town of Fernandina Historic Site, also known as "Old Town", is a historic site in Fernandina Beach, Florida, located on Amelia Island. It is roughly bounded by Towngate Street, Bosque Bello Cemetery, Nassau, Marine, and Ladies Streets. On January 29, 1990, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places as a historic site. Lying north of the Fernandina Beach Historic District, it is accessible from North 14th Street.</p><br>
<p>Prior to the arrival of Europeans on what is now Amelia Island, the Old Town site was home to Native Americans. The French, English, and Spanish all maintained a presence on Amelia Island at various times during the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries, but the Spanish established Fernandina. Old Town, the original location of the town of Fernandina, has the distinction of being the last Spanish city platted in the Western Hemisphere, in 1811. The plat is based on the 1573 Law of the Indies, a document utilized by the Spanish to organize new towns established during their explorations.</p><br>
<p>The area within Old Town known as Plaza San Carlos was the plaza ground in front of the Spanish Fort San Carlos, which is no longer in existence. Today the Plaza San Carlos is maintained by the State of Florida as part of the State Park System. The plaza offers a space for nature study and picnicking.</p><br>
<p>David Levy Yulee, one of the first United States senators from Florida, established the first cross-state railroad running from Fernandina Beach to Cedar Key, which opened on March 1, 1861. When Yulee established the railroad, he platted "new" Fernandina, shifting the town of Fernandina from Old Town to the present location along Centre Street. As a result of this shift, Old Town has become primarily a residential neighborhood.</p><br>
<p>The field work and scholarship of archeologists and historians in the last forty years has advanced understanding of the areas Native American history after European contact. The human occupation of present-day Old Town began around three thousand years ago, and some of the most colorful episodes of Florida history occurred here. Local government has come to realize the singular place Old Town has in telling the story of Fernandinas heritage, and in 1989 the city of Fernandina Beach passed a historic preservation ordinance to protect the district by establishing local boundaries. Old Town has design guidelines for rehabilitation and construction projects, reviewed by the citys Historic District Council. The Old Town preservation and development guidelines focus on lot orientation, an integral part of the process of preserving the 1811 Spanish plan; building aesthetics are also taken into account. The Old Town Historic District was last surveyed as part of the citys 1985 Historic Resources survey.</p><br>
<p>Old Town celebrated the 200th anniversary of its founding on April 2, 2011.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Native American campsite to British garrison</h3><br>
<p>The original town of Fernandina was established on a bluff over the Amelia River at the northwest end of Amelia Island in northernmost Florida on the east coast of the United States. Native Americans had camped on this land above the Amelia River from 2000 to 1000 BC. The St. Johns People dwelt here from as early as 1000 B.C. and their Timucua descendants encamped in the same area.</p><br>
<p>The naturally deep and protected harbor was known to the early European explorers of Florida. The island was called Napoyca by the Timucua and was associated with the name "Santa María" since the early First Spanish Period (1500–1763). Spanish Franciscan friars established the fortified mission compound of Santa María de Sena by 1602 near this place, which was only a league (3 miles) away from the mission of San Pedro de Mocama on present-day Cumberland Island. A Spanish sentinel house was built here in 1696. In later colonial times the site gained military importance because of its deep harbor and its strategic location near the northern boundary of Spanish Florida. During his invasion of north Florida, 1736–1742, the governor of the British colony of Georgia, James Oglethorpe, stationed a military guard of Scottish Highlanders on the site and named the island after Princess Amelia, the daughter of King George II of Great Britain.</p><br>
<h3>"New Settlement"</h3><br>
<p>Oglethorpe withdrew his troops in 1742, and the area became a buffer zone between the English and Spanish colonies until the signing of the Treaty of Paris in 1763, when Spain traded Florida to Great Britain for control of Havana, Cuba. During the early period of British rule, the island was known as Egmont Isle, after Lord Egmont who had a 10,000 acre estate there, almost the entire island. The so-called "New Settlement" (present-day Old Town), on the south side of the mouth of Egans Creek adjoining the Amelia River, was presumably its headquarters. A map of the new settlement shown in charts drawn by Capt. John Fuller and mapped by cartographer Thomas Jefferys in 1770 depicts houses and streets laid out from "Andersons Creek" (present-day Egan&#39;s Creek) south toward Morriss Bluff. Egmont had only recently begun his development of the island in 1770 when Gerard de Brahm prepared his map, the "Plan of Amelia, Now Egmont Island", which depicted most of the planned development at the north end. Egmont died in December 1770, whereupon his widow, Lady Egmont, assumed control of his vast Florida estates. She persisted in development of the plantation and made Stephen Egan her agent to manage it. He was able to grow profitable indigo crops there until it was destroyed by rebel troops from Georgia in 1776.</p><br>
<p>In the late 1770s and early 1780s, British loyalists fleeing Charleston and Savannah hastily erected new buildings at the settlement, calling their impromptu town Hillsborough. When Spain regained possession of Florida in 1783, the Amelia harbor served as an embarkation point for loyalists abandoning the colony who tore down the buildings and took the lumber with them. In June 1785, former British governor Patrick Tonyn moved his command to Hillsborough town, from whence he sailed to England later that year.</p><br>
<p>After the British evacuation, Mary Mattair, her children, and a farmhand were the sole occupants left on Amelia island. She had received a grant from Governor Tonyn of the property on the bluff overlooking the Amelia River. Following the exchange of flags in 1784, the Spanish Crown allowed Mattair to remain on the island. In trade for the earlier British grant, the Spanish authorities awarded her 150 acres within the present-day city limits of Fernandina Beach. The site of Mattairs initial grant is todays Old Town Fernandina.</p><br>
<p>In December 1793, Mary Mattair&#39;s daughter Maria married Domingo Fernandez, who had arrived in St. Augustine from Galicia, Spain about 1786. He worked for the Spanish government as captain of a gunboat and a harbor pilot at Amelia Island until 1800, when he retired to become a full-time planter.</p><br>
<p>In June 1795, American rebel marauders led by Richard Lang attacked the Spanish garrison on Amelia Island. Colonel Charles Howard, an officer in the Spanish military, discovered that the rebels had built a battery and were flying the French flag. On August 2, he raised a sizable Spanish force, sailed up Sisters Creek and the Nassau River, and attacked them. The rebels fled across the St. Marys to Georgia.</p><br>
<p>The passage of the USA Embargo Act of 1807, which closed all United States ports to trade with Europe, and the abolition of the American slave trade, made the town a haven for smuggling slaves, liquor and foreign luxury goods. Situated on a peninsula, it was defended by two blockhouses and a detachment of soldiers surrounding the settlement.</p><br>
<h3>Fernandina Township platted according to the Laws of the Indies</h3><br>
<p>On January 1, 1811, the town of Fernandina, which was about a mile from the present city, was named in honor of King Ferdinand VII of Spain by the governor of the Spanish province of East Florida, Enrique White. On May 10, 1811, White&#39;s successor and acting governor at the time, Juan José Estrada, instructed the newly appointed Surveyor General, George J. F. Clarke, to plat the township in accordance with the 1542 Spanish Laws of the Indies (Leyes de Indias). These laws regulated how the site for a Spanish settlement should be selected, and how the town should be laid out in classical grid form. Places were designated for the fort, the parade ground, the church, and the cemetery. A plaza, originally called Plaza de la Constitution, was set close to the river, one side facing westward to the parade grounds.</p><br>
<p>Fernandina was the last town platted under the Laws of the Indies in the Western Hemisphere and was intended as a bulwark against USA territorial expansion. In the following years it was captured and recaptured by a succession of renegades and privateers. Meanwhile, saloons and bordellos proliferated in the booming new township.</p><br>
<h3>Patriots&#39; War</h3><br>
<p>Because it was a center for smuggling and represented a threat to trade of the United States, Fernandina was invaded and seized by forces under the command of General George Mathews in 1812 with the clandestine approval of President James Madison. Mathews and Colonel John McKee were commissioned as secret agents to incite a revolution in Spanish East Florida. A group of Americans calling themselves the "Patriots of Amelia Island" had banded together to drive out the Spanish and reported to General Mathews, who moved into a house at St. Marys, Georgia, just nine miles across Cumberland Sound. Most of the Patriots&#39; force consisted of Georgia militiamen, and wood-choppers and boatmen from the neighborhood of St. Marys. They were supported by slave-holding planters who wanted to stop raiding parties of Seminole Indians from the Alachua region and feared the presence of armed free black militias in Spanish Florida.</p><br>
<p>By March 5, Patriot leader and wealthy Florida planter John Houstoun McIntosh claimed that the Patriots had successfully subjugated the area between the St. Marys and the St. Johns Rivers, and were planning next to take Amelia Island. On March 16, nine American gunboats under the command of Commodore Hugh Campbell formed a line in the harbor and aimed their guns at the town. General Mathews, still ensconced at Point Peter on the St. Marys in Georgia, ordered Colonel Lodowick Ashley to send a flag to Justo Lopez, commandant of the fort and Amelia Island, and demand his surrender. Lopez acknowledged the superior force and surrendered the port and the town. On March 17 John H. McIntosh, George J. F. Clarke, Justo Lopez, and others signed the articles of capitulation; the Patriots then raised their own standard. The next day, a detachment of 250 regular United States troops were brought over from Point Peter, and the newly constituted Patriot government surrendered the town to General Matthews, who had the stars and stripes of the USA flag raised immediately. The Patriots had held Fernandina for only twenty-four hours before turning authority over to the USA military.</p><br>
<p>General Mathews and President Madison had conceived a plan to annex East Florida to the United States, but Congress became alarmed at the possibility of being drawn into war with Spain, and the effort fell apart when Secretary of State James Monroe was forced to relieve Matthews of his commission. Negotiations began for the withdrawal of USA troops early in 1813. On May 6, the army lowered the flag at Fernandina and crossed the St. Marys River to Georgia with the remaining troops. Spain took possession of the redoubt and regained control of the island. The Spanish completed construction of the new Fort San Carlos to guard the port side of Fernandina in 1816.</p><br>
<p>Fort San Carlos was built to protect the strategic harbor of the Amelia River and Spanish interests in northern Florida. The fort was made of wood and earthworks and was armed with eight or ten guns. The town contained about six hundred inhabitants, and its population was rapidly increasing. The former Indian campsite had become the fort&#39;s parade grounds fronting Estrada Street, which still exists—the layout of the original town has been preserved to this day.</p><br>
<h3>Gregor MacGregor and the Republic of the Floridas</h3><br>
<p>Fernandina became increasingly vulnerable to foreign depredations as Spain&#39;s American empire disintegrated. A Scottish military adventurer and mercenary, Gregor MacGregor, claimed to be commissioned by representatives of the revolting South American countries to liberate Florida from Spanish rule. Financed by American backers, he led an army of only 150 men including recruits from Charleston and Savannah, some War of 1812 veterans, and 55 musketeers in an assault on Fort San Carlos. Through spies within the Spanish garrison, MacGregor had learned that the force there consisted of only 55 regulars and 50 militia men. He spread rumors in the town which eventually reached the ear of the garrison commander that an army of more than 1,000 men was about to attack. On June 29, 1817, he advanced on the fort, deploying his men in small groups coming from various directions to give the impression of a larger force. The commander, Francisco Morales, struck the Spanish flag and fled. MacGregor raised his flag, the "Green Cross of Florida", a green cross on a white ground, over the fort and proclaimed the "Republic of the Floridas".</p><br>
<p>Now in possession of the town, and seeing the need to make the appearance of a legitimate government, MacGregor quickly formed a committee to draft a constitution, and appointed Ruggles Hubbard, the former high sheriff of New York City, as unofficial civil governor, and Jared Irwin, an adventurer and former Pennsylvania Congressman, as his treasurer. MacGregor then opened a post office, ordered a printing press to publish a newspaper, and issued currency to pay his troops and to settle government debts. Expecting reinforcements for a raid against the Castillo de San Marcos in St. Augustine, MacGregor intended to subdue all of Spanish East Florida. His plan was doomed to fail, however, as President James Monroe was in sensitive negotiations with Spain to acquire all of Florida.</p><br>
<p>Soon MacGregor&#39;s reserves were depleted, and the Republic needed revenue. He commissioned privateers to seize Spanish ships and set up an admiralty court When about August 28 fellow conspirator Ruggles Hubbard sailed into the harbor aboard his own brig Morgiana, flying the flag of Buenos Ayres, but without the needed men, guns, and money, MacGregor announced his departure. On September 4, faced with the threat of a Spanish reprisal, and still lacking money and adequate reinforcements, he abandoned his plans to conquer Florida and departed Fernandina with most of his officers, leaving a small detachment of men at Fort San Carlos to defend the island. After his withdrawal, these and a force of American irregulars organized by Hubbard and Irwin repelled the Spanish attempt to reassert authority.</p><br>
<h3>Battle of Amelia Island</h3><br>
<p>On September 13 the Battle of Amelia Island commenced when the Spaniards erected a battery of four brass cannons on McLure&#39;s Hill east of the fort. With about 300 men, supported by two gunboats, they shelled Fernandina being held by Jared Irwin. His "Republic of Florida" forces included ninety-four men, the privateer ships Morgiana and St. Joseph, and the armed schooner Jupiter. Spanish gunboats began firing at 3:30 pm and the battery on the hill joined the cannonade. The guns of Fort San Carlos, on the river bluff northwest of the hill, and those of the St. Joseph defended Amelia Island. Cannonballs killed two and wounded other Spanish troops clustered below. Firing continued until dark. The Spanish commander, convinced he could not capture the island, then withdrew his forces.</p><br>
<h3>French corsair Louis Aury</h3><br>
<p>Before he left Florida, MacGregor had met with the French privateer, Louis Aury, a previous acquaintance from political intrigues in South America who had served with him in Simon Bolívars army in New Granada. As MacGregor was going out of the harbor of Fernandina on the privateer Freeman Johnsons vessel, Aury was coming in on his flagship, Mexican Congress. Visits were exchanged, and Aury entertained the Scotsman aboard his schooner, anchored outside the bar of the inlet. Aury was accompanied by two other privateering ships and held prizes valued at $60,000. Thus briefed on the state of affairs in Fernandina, he sailed into the port on September 17, 1817, with a crew of 300 American recruits and Haitian ex-slaves, free blacks, and mulattoes known as "Aury&#39;s blacks". His principal lieutenant was Joseph Savary, a mulatto refugee from the Haitian revolution and veteran of the defense of New Orleans in 1815.</p><br>
<p>Aury marched to Hubbard&#39;s quarters with a body of armed men and demanded concessions from Hubbard and Irwin, who were short of troops and bereft of funds. They appealed for financial aid, but Aury refused, unless he have supreme command of both civil and military government. When Hubbard and Irwin protested his terms, Aury threatened to leave the island. Realizing they had nothing to gain by opposing him, a compromise was reached and they made an alliance with the Frenchman: Aury would be commander-in-chief of military and naval forces, Irwin his adjutant general, and Hubbard the civil governor of Amelia. The flag of the revolutionary republic of Mexico, not yet independent, was raised over Fort San Carlos. Thus Amelia Island was dubiously annexed to Mexico on September 21, 1817.</p><br>
<h3>Adams-Onis Treaty transfers Florida to the United States</h3><br>
<p>The new government of Fernandina was short-lived. According to Lloyds of London, Aurys commissioned privateers captured more than $500,000 worth of Spanish goods in two months. They preyed on Spanish vessels carrying slaves, most of whom were smuggled into Georgia after being captured. These activities threatened the negotiations concerning the cession of Florida and in response President Monroe sent forces to retake Amelia on October 31. After a contentious exchange of communications with representatives of the president, Aury realized his position was untenable and surrendered the island to Commodore J.D. Henley and Major James Bankhead on December 23, 1817. Aury remained over two months as an unwelcome guest; Bankhead occupied Fernandina and held it "in trust" for Spain. Although angered by USA interference at Fort San Carlos, Spain did cede Florida in 1821. The proclamation of the Adams-Onis Treaty on February 22, 1821, two years after its signing, officially transferred East Florida and what remained of West Florida to the United States. The USA Army made little use of the fort and soon abandoned it.</p><br>
<h3>Town of Fernandina moves</h3><br>
<p>In 1853 the town of Fernandina moved about a mile further south when David Levy Yulee chartered his Florida Railroad line, the first cross-state railroad in Florida. Fernandina was to be the eastern terminus, but Yulee declared the rails could not cross the salt-marsh to Old Town; in fact, the land area of Old Town was insufficient to support Yulees vision of building the Manhattan of the South. His company began construction in 1855, and the original site of Fernandina, the one-time smugglers den and freebooter haven, lapsed into quiet obscurity. The original Spanish town plan and regular street grid, with many of the Spanish street names, remain.</p><br>
<p>During the American Civil War, the local militia of the Confederate Army occupied Fort San Carlos. Archaeologists estimate that two-thirds of the area formerly occupied by Fort San Carlos has disappeared through erosion by the Amelia River. Traces of earthworks and the former parade grounds can be found along Estrada Street.</p><br>
<p>The Fairbanks House  is a historic site in Fernandina Beach, Florida. It was built in 1885 for George Rainsford Fairbanks. R. S. Schuyler was the building&#39;s architect. It is located at 227 South 7th Street. On June 4, 1973, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places. Built as a surprise for his wife, it was reported not to have gone over well and became known as "Fairbanks Folly".</p><br>
<p>It operates as the Fairbanks House Bed & Breakfast.</p><br>
<p>The Santiam Wagon Road was a freight route in the USA state of Oregon between the Willamette Valley and Central Oregon regions from 1865 to the 1930s. It is considered one of the most important historical routes in the state. Officially known as the Willamette Valley and Cascade Mountain Wagon Road, the Santiam Wagon Road was built between 1861 and 1868 and operated as a toll road until 1915. In 1925, the road was turned over to the State of Oregon for use as a highway. USA Route 20 closely follows the original route of the wagon road.</p><br>
<p>Speedwell Ironworks was an ironworks in Speedwell Village, on Speedwell Avenue , just north of downtown Morristown, in Morris County, New Jersey, United States. At this site Alfred Vail and Samuel Morse first demonstrated their electric telegraph. Speedwell Ironworks also provided most of the machinery for the SS Savannah, the first steamship to cross the Atlantic Ocean. The site is still open to the public, and has seven buildings on display. The site, now named Historical Speedwell, is a historic site of the Morris County Park Commission. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1974.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Situated at a natural gorge of the Whippany River, several hydraulic powered forges existed, predating the establishment of the ironworks by Stephen Vail and two business partners. Vail became sole owner of the works in 1815 and expanded it, producing a variety of agricultural and industrial machinery. The ironworks innovated the first durable iron tire for railroad locomotives in January 1836. With changing industrial trends and a decline in the flow of the Whippany River, the ironworks were shut down in 1873, its equipment being sold to ironworks in Brooklyn and Coatbridge, Scotland. The remains of the Ironworks buildings burned in 1908, and the property is now a public park.</p><br>
<p>Stephen Vail also bought an adjacent 40 acre lot to which he eventually retreated in 1844 for an active retirement. The Vail Homestead or Speedwell Village, as it is sometimes known, is the site of Historic Speedwell, a National Historic Landmark, part of the Morris County Park Commission. The site is set up as an open-air 19th century estate, complete with residential buildings, a granary and two carriage houses. The site is currently open to the public, with 19th century ironworking materials and historical artifacts about communication on exhibit.</p><br>
<p>Today, the site is maintained as a public park and museum by the Morris County Park Commission. It includes nine buildings furnished to depict life at Speedwell during the early 19th century. The Vail House, a historic house museum restored to 1840s period style, possesses some original family furniture and Vail memorabilia. The Wheel House houses an operational 24 ft overshot waterwheel. The Homestead Carriage House houses an exhibit on the SS Savannah, the first steamship to cross the Atlantic Ocean, with an engine built at the Speedwell Ironworks, and an exhibit about the history of the ironworks. The Ford Cottage is a 19th-century saltbox cottage, the Moses Estey House is an 18th-century Georgian mansion, and the early 19th century L&#39;Hommedieu-Gwinnup House houses changing exhibits and education space. On exhibit in the factory buildings are 19th century ironworking materials and historical artifacts of communication.</p><br>
<p>Speedwell Village was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1974, preserving seven buildings. The designation was made in recognition of the role the facility and its proprietors the Vails played in the development of the telegraph.</p><br>
<h2>Telegraph</h2><br>
<p>The old factory building on the grounds of the ironworks was constructed by Stephen Vail for hobby purposes upon his retirement. It is the site of the first public demonstration of the Morse electromagnetic telegraph on January 11, 1838. Although Morse and Alfred Vail had conducted most of the research and development in the ironworks facilities, they chose the factory house for demonstration. Without the repeater, the range of the telegraph was limited to two miles (3 km). The inventors had pulled two miles (3 km) of wires inside the factory house for the demonstration. The first public transmission was witnessed by a mostly local crowd.</p><br>
<p>The Bishop-Andrews Hotel is a USA historic building in Greenville, Florida. It is located at 109 Redding Street, on USA 90. On June 28, 1990, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places. The building has been converted into the Grace Manor Inn, a bed and breakfast house.</p><br>
<p>It was built in 1902 as a Queen Anne-style hotel, one block from Greenville&#39;s railway station. It is a square three-story building. Its Queen Anne features include its wraparound porch with one segment having a conical roof.</p><br>
<p>The St. Mary&#39;s Episcopal Church is an historic Carpenter Gothic Episcopal church located at 140 Northeast Horry Street in Madison, Florida in the United States.</p><br>
<p>Although the congregation was established in 1859, it went dormant during the American Civil War, and efforts to build a permanent church did not begin in earnest until 1879. The cornerstone was laid on August 1 of that year, and the completed church was consecrated on May 1, 1883, by John F. Young, second Bishop of Florida.</p><br>
<p>On April 28, 1997, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The Union Depot and Atlantic Coast Line Freight Station  is a historic site in Live Oak, Florida, United States. It is located at 208 North Ohio Avenue, on the corner of Haines Street Northeast. The station was built at one of two junctions of an Atlantic Coast Line Railroad and Seaboard Air Line Railroad lines. It also served the Florida Railway , as well as the Live Oak, Perry and Gulf Railroad.</p><br>
<p>The station was a flag stop on the SCL and Louisville and Nashville&#39;s Gulf Wind, between Madison and Live Oak, and until 1966 an additional daily local train served the station as well. The ACL and the SAL merged in 1967 to form the Seaboard Coast Line Railroad. In 1971 the SCL terminated the Gulf Wind, on the creation of Amtrak, ending passenger service in Live Oak.</p><br>
<p>On April 24, 1986, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places. When Amtrak extended the Sunset Limited to Orlando in 1993 the nearest station with a stop was in Lake City. Today, only the former SAL line survives.</p><br>
<p>The Suwannee County Historical Museum is located in the depot. Exhibits include a telephone display, a 16th-century Timucaun Indian Village recreation and local history artifacts. The station is one block south of the Old Live Oak City Hall.</p><br>
<p>The Stuart Welcome Arch  is an historic arch-shaped gateway that straddles County Road 707 between 2369 and 2390 Northeast Dixie Highway in Jensen Beach, Florida. It was built in 1926 to mark what were then the town lines of incorporated Jensen and Stuart and to herald Stuart as a "Gateway to the Gulf of Mexico."</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Early history</h3><br>
<p>The Town of Stuart was incorporated in 1914 and charted as the Seat of the newly-created Martin County in 1927, where the "town" was changed to "city." During this period, Stuart&#39;s limits extended to the southern portion of CR 707. One year later, the Town of Jensen incorporated and covered all the area just north of the Arch.</p><br>
<p>The Arch was constructed during the Florida land boom and celebrated the opening of the Okeechobee Waterway (then called the Stuart-Ft. Myers cross-State channel), which was heralded at the time as an efficient way to get across the state.</p><br>
<p>During the Great Depression, the Town of Jensen went bankrupt and was dissolved by the State of Florida. In 1933, the State of Florida forced Stuart to retrocede most of its area north of the St. Lucie River, including the area surrounding the Arch. According to its modern dedication, during the Depression, the Arch was a frequent target of theft.</p><br>
<p>With both surrounding municipalities having disappeared from its surroundings, the Arch became located entirely within the unincorporated area of Martin County.</p><br>
<h3>1940s to 1990s</h3><br>
<p>From the 1940s to the 1990s, various changes and modifications were made to the Welcome Arch. In 1949, hurricane winds blew down the primary crossbeam, which was re-installed in 1954 with an additional hanging structure. It was painted red, white, and blue in 1976, after which a car crash required reconstructing the east tower, which began in 1977. Later, the Arch was painted hot pink in 1994. In 1998, the replacement crossbeam was again struck by a garbage truck and the replacement signage included language: “Welcome to Rio” on the northern face and “Welcome to Jensen Beach" on the southern face.</p><br>
<h3>Restoration</h3><br>
<p>As part of community redevelopment efforts occurring in nearby Rio, restoration efforts restarted on the Arch in the early 2000s. County goals involved achieving historical registration, which required substantial effort restoring the original character, design, and signage of the Arch. This included removing "Rio" and "Jensen Beach" in favor of the original "Stuart" and "Jensen," despite the fact the City of Stuart no longer abutted the Arch and the Town of Jensen had been dissolved decades prior.</p><br>
<p>On September 15, 2004, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The Dade City Womans Club is a historic womens club building located at 37922 Palm Avenue in Dade City, Florida. Built in 1926, the building has a Prairie School design with Mediterranean Revival influences. The interior includes meeting rooms, dining rooms, and a stage, all typical features of women&#39;s clubs of the era. The club hosted both meetings and local events such as school dances and political debates.</p><br>
<p>The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on October 13, 2003. It is part of the Clubhouses of Florida Woman&#39;s Clubs Multiple Property Submission.</p><br>
